Experiment Name: Study on Lathe Engine.
Theory:
A lathe is a machine that shapes pieces of material. Usually the material being melded is wood or metal, and is referred to as the "work." The most common lathes are woodworking ones. The wood sits between two parts of the lathe called the headstock and the tailstock. The two parts hold the work in place and spin it quickly. When using wooden lathes the pieces are shaped by hand with a chisel, while lathes that shape other materials, such as metal, have chisels attached to an adjustable carriage that holds the cutting tools in contact with the spinning metal. The carriage is controlled remotely by the operator. Lathes can come in a variety of sizes. The smaller bench top versions are usually affordable for the amateur and home builder, while the heavy-duty, full-size models that are designed for professionals are much more expensive. All of the lathes have a motor that spins the wood through the headstock, the tool rest, and an adjustable tailstock. Lathes differ in the length of material they can hold, what materials they can cut, how powerful the motor is, the diameter of the material that will fit, and the type of mechanism that spins the work.
Objective:
1) To learn about different component of lathe engine.
2) To learn about its importance.
Component o lathe engine:
· Carriage.
· Head Stock
· Headstock Spindle
· Bed Saddle
· Apron
· Compound side rest.
· Back gear.
· Lead Screw.
Parts of lathe machine:
Carriage :
The lathe carriage serves the purpose of supporting, guiding and feeding the tool against the job during the operation of the lathe. The carriage will present between head stock and tail stock which will slides on the bed ways of the lathe bed. The carriage will give feed to the tool and it holds the tool, for taper turning the feed is cross feed, for turning it is longitudinal feed. The carriage consists of the following parts.
1. saddle.
2. cross-slide.
3. compound Rest.
4. Tool post.
5. Apron.
Saddle: It is the part of the carriage which slides along the bed way and support the Cross-slide, compound rest and Tool post.
Cross-slide: The cross-slide function is to provide cutting action to the tool and the action of cutting tool will be perpendicular to centre line of lathe. It can either be operated by hand, by means of the cross-feed screw, or may be given power feed through the Apron Mechanism.
Compound Rest : The compound Rest will be placed over the cross slide and it consists of a graduated circular base which is having swivelling nature.
Tool post: It is the top most part of the carriage and is used for holding the tool or tool holder in position.
Apron: Apron houses the feed mechanism, clutch mechanism split half nut, gears, leavers, The apron wheel can be rotated by hand for longitudinal motion of the carriage.
Bed : The bed of Lathe acts as the base on which the different fixed and operations parts of the Lathe are mounted. Lathe beds are usually made as single piece casting of semi-steel with the addition of small quantity of steel scrap to the cast iron during melting; the material ‘cast iron’ facilitating an easy sliding action. In case of extremely large machines, the bed may be in two or more pieces, bolted together to from the desired length. Lathe Bed are heavy rigid structure which is having high damping capacity for the vibrations generated by machines during machining. The rigid structure will helps to avoid deflections. The guides and ways which are present on the top of the bed will act as rails and supports other parts like tail stock. The bed will be designed in such a way that easily bolted to the floor of the machine shop.
Tail Stock:
It is also sometimes called the LOOSE HEAD- STOCK or PUPPET HEAD. It is mounted on the bed of the lathe such that it is capable of sliding along the latter maintaining its alignment with the head stock. On common types of medium size or small size lathes it is moved along the bed by hand, whereas in heavier types of lathes it is moved by means of a hand wheel through a pinion which meshes with the rack provided on the front of the lathe bed. The main function of the Tail stock is to provide bearing and support to the job which is being worked between centre. To enable this, the tail stock is made to possess a number of parts which collectively help in its successful function.
Head stock:
The head stock is the part of the lathe which serves as a housing for the driving pulleys and back gears, provides bearing for the machine spindle and keeps the latter in alignment with the bed. It is a fixed part which will present on the left side of the lathe bed. Head stock will consists of a hollow spindle and drives unit like main spindle, feed reverse lever, live centre cone pulley etc., The tapered bar with pointed or projected end is going to grip the work piece between two centres of lathe bed.
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